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Edunity

Volume 3 Number 6, Juny 2024

p- ISSN 2963-3648- e-ISSN 2964-8653

BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF URBAN DRAINAGE FLOOD

MANAGEMENT

M. Alfi Wahyudi

, Andri Irfan Rifai

*, Ade Jaya Saputra

, Joewono Prasetijo

Universitas Internasional Batam, Indonesia

Email: [email protected].id

ABSTRACT

Floods are a frequent and challenging disaster, caused by factors such as heavy rainfall and

improper waste disposal in drainage systems, leading to significant material and non-material

losses. Effective measures are needed to mitigate flood impacts. This study uses bibliometric

analysis to explore methods for flood disaster management, employing Publish or Perish software

to filter relevant journals from Crossref. The data, including research titles, authors, publication

years, and journal sources, is processed using VOSViewer software. The analysis shows that

keywords like rainfall, drainage, and flood mitigation are central to the research, highlighting

strong interconnections. The diversity of publishers and research types contributes to a global

perspective, forming a solid research foundation. The study also tracks the growth of research on

flood management in drainage channels from 2016 to 2023 and identifies diverse geographical

case study regions. This analysis underscores the continued relevance and potential of this

research to support effective global flood mitigation strategies.

Keywords: Flood; Mitigation Flood; Rainfall; Drainage

Introduction

At this time, floods have become one of the disasters that often occur and have not

been resolved properly. Flooding is a condition where overflowing rainwater inundates

the road surface. Flooding can occur in areas that do not have a good drainage system

so that rainwater that falls cannot be accommodated by drainage (Abdul Muin &

Rakuasa, 2023). Flood disasters always cause many losses, both material and non-

material losses. Floods can cause damage to residential areas, damage to the

environment, and can cause casualties (Sisi Febriyanti Muin, Boer, & Suharnoto, 2015).

Flood disasters can be caused by many factors, ranging from rainfall factors to the

habits of people who throw garbage in drainage channels. High rainfall is the most

important factor in causing floods (Prabawadhani, Harsoyo, Seto, & Prayoga, 2016).

High rainfall increases the amount of water that falls to the ground surface in large

quantities and results in a flow of water so fast that it can not be accommodated by the

normal capacity of drainage (Adiwangsa, Lukito, & Irawan, 2023).

Another cause that can cause flooding is land use shift (Tollan, 2002). Along with

the population growth that always increases every year, the need for housing,

transportation, and resources also increases following the increasing population. This

has caused many changes in land use, which initially turned into forests or green land,

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M. Alfi Wahyudi

, Andri Irfan Rifai

, Ade Jaya Saputra

, Joewono Prasetijo

converted into roads and settlements (Akhirul, Witra, Umar, & Erianjoni, 2020). As a

result of the large amount of land use change, the catchment area for rainwater is

decreasing. When it rains, rainwater is not absorbed into the soil so the flow above the

ground surface is greater which will have an impact on the normal capacity of drainage

channels (Rohyanti, Ridwan, & Nurlina, n.d.).

The existing design of the wrong drainage channel can also cause flooding, the

existing size of drainage that is not by rainfall will cause falling water cannot be

accommodated drainage (Augustine & Akinlolu, 2015). Not only that, garbage that

accumulates and sedimentation in drainage channels can make the size of drainage

smaller, which causes drainage to decrease capacity (Septian et al., 2020). Topographic

factors can also cause an area to be flooded. Lowlands and basin areas are the most prone

areas to flooding (Annisa, 2023).

Therefore, to reduce the impact of flooding, there needs to be proper handling in

overcoming floods. Flood management can be done in various ways, including

analyzing the potential distribution of flood areas (Zope, Eldho, & Jothiprakash, 2016).

Analysis of flood areas was carried out using topographic, rainfall, land use, and river

flow patterns (van Duin et al., 2021). In addition, normalizing drainage can prevent

flooding from occurring (Adi, 2013). This study used bibliometric analysis to determine

methods that can be used in flood disaster management. This study used VOS Viewer

software, which was used to help analyze previous research. By using VOS Viewer

software, researchers can visualize bibliometric networks that can help in developing

this research.

Literatur Review

Flood Disaster

In general, flooding can be interpreted as an event where water capacity increases

and cannot be accommodated by drainage channels (Nurdiawan, 2018). Floods can be

grouped based on two main factors, namely the mechanism of occurrence and the

location of flood sources in inundated areas. In terms of the mechanism of occurrence,

there are two main types, namely ordinary floods and unusual floods. Flooding is

common when rainfall is very high, exceeding the ability of the sewerage system to

contain it. Floods are unusual, on the other hand, caused by external factors such as

tsunamis, tidal waves, river overflows, shipments, or tidal floods (Arif, 2019).

The types of floods that often occur are ordinary floods, shipping floods, flash

floods, tidal floods, and cold lava floods. Shipment flood is an event when river water

overflows due to heavy rain that occurs in other regions (Adi, 2013). A flash flood is a

type of flood disaster that contains mud, stone, and wood materials, has a great potential

for damage, and occurs quickly when passing through an area (Napitupulu & Makfi,

2023). Rob flooding is a type of flood that occurs when sea water rises or high waves

flood an area that has a lower elevation than sea level (Putri et al., 2023). Cold lava floods

are floods that occur as a result of volcanic eruptions, where the eruption produces cold

lava that causes rivers to overflow, allowing muddy water to flood the surrounding area

(Salim, 2018).

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Floods can cause many material and non-material losses that affect the community

(Louw, Olanrewaju, Olanrewaju, & Chitakira, 2019). Floods cause damage to

infrastructure, settlements, and public facilities. Damaged infrastructure will require

enormous costs for repairs (Paterson, Wright, & Harris, 2018). Not only flood disasters

can also cause residential damage, but buildings that are flooded will experience damage

to parts of the building so the building becomes unsafe to live in.

In addition, floods have an impact on health. This flood disaster can cause serious

impacts on human health, resulting in disease outbreaks being the most common thing

(Nurdiantoro & Arsandrie, 2020). Flood water polluted by bacteria and viruses will

cause skin and digestive diseases. Not only that, floods also have an impact on mental

health. People affected by floods will lose their homes and property, which can lead to

stress, depression, and anxiety (Hu, Zhang, Shi, Chen, & Fang, 2018).

Causes of Flooding

Rainfall is a common event in Indonesia, considering that Indonesia is located in

the tropics. High-intensity rainfall is the main factor affecting the occurrence of floods

(Ginting, 2021). Floods caused by rainfall usually occur due to the inability of drainage

channels to accommodate large volumes of water that come suddenly (Merten et al.,

2020). When drainage channels cannot collect rainwater, rainwater will overflow into

the streets causing catastrophic flooding

This condition can be exacerbated by the large urbanized area and irregular land

use. Improper land use, such as deforestation and wetland conversion, can reduce the

natural ability to absorb and store rainwater (Rizkiah, 2015). In cities, rapid urbanization

often leads to surfaces that cannot absorb water, such as concrete and asphalt, the

increase in concrete and asphalt-coated surfaces inhibits groundwater absorption, which

then causes rapid water flow towards drainage channels (Rahayu et al., 2023).

The topography of an area also affects the risk of flooding (KAHARAP, 2023).

Topography is a form of the earth's surface that includes the slope and height of an area,

which is in the form of slopes or plains. Areas with steep slopes tend to be more prone

to flash floods, where heavy rainwater rushes into rivers and causes high-intensity

flooding. In flat areas, regular flooding can occur because water is difficult to flow and

stagnant on the ground surface (Fikri, Tjendani, & Oetomo, 2023).

Poor drainage infrastructure or ineffective drainage design are also factors that can

cause floods when it rains. Clogged or poorly maintained drainage channels can result

in water not being able to flow smoothly, causing waterlogging and increasing the risk

of flooding (Min & Tashiro, 2024). Drainage channels often experience ineffectiveness

due to garbage accumulation and sedimentation. Garbage that accumulates can impede

the flow of water, cause waterlogging during heavy rainfall, and damage the physical

structure of channels. Sedimentation can also reduce the capacity of channels to hold

excess water (Zakaria et al., 2017).

Flood Disaster Mitigation

To reduce the risk of damage to settlements due to flooding, preventive and

mitigation measures need to be implemented. Action can be in the form of mapping

flood-prone areas (Hidayat, Darnila, & Afrillia, 2023). Mapping of flood-prone areas is

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, Ade Jaya Saputra

, Joewono Prasetijo

needed as a reference to implement flood disaster mitigation measures. Through this

mapping, flood-prone points and ineffective drainage channels can be identified, so that

drainage canal improvements can be carried out more efficiently (Sari et al., 2021).

To reduce the frequency of floods, infrastructure improvement measures are

needed. This action involves improving drainage and normalizing drainage.

Improvement and normalization of drainage can increase the capacity of drainage

channels to be wider. By ensuring the channel has sufficient capacity to hold a high

volume of water, the risk of flooding can be reduced as the channel can handle a larger

water load (Soeryamassoeka, Gunarto, Rahmanto, & Nurcahyo, 2023).

To prevent and reduce the adverse effects caused by floods, the role of flood

control buildings is very important. These buildings, which are often dams,

embankments, or infiltration wells, have several crucial functions that can reduce the

risk of flooding. Flood control buildings can control water discharge to minimize

overflow of water and flood control buildings in the form of infiltration wells can collect

water from rainwater (OKTAVIYANI, 2023).

The role of the community is also very important in reducing the impact of floods.

The community needs to get an education program to increase public understanding of

the impact of flood disasters how to deal with flood threats and how to overcome floods.

The education provided can be in the form of the importance of maintaining drainage

channels and the risks that can occur due to drainage channels that cannot work

effectively. Thus, the community can also play an active role in reducing the impact of

floods (Lestary, Zulfah, & Astuti, 2023).

Research Method

In this study, the methodology used was the bibliometric approach method.

Bibliometric analysis is a method carried out by analyzing scientific literature belonging

to previous researchers (Hanifah, Abdillah, & Wachyudi, 2022). Bibliometric analysis

can be done by identifying research trends and publication characteristics related to

keywords related to the research discussed. In this study, the journals that will be

identified based on the topic discussed are flood management in drainage channels. The

collection of articles and sources in this study uses Publish or Perish software. Publish

or Perish software is used to filter journals using keywords according to the topic

discussed, namely handling floods in drainage channels. Journals are filtered using

sources from Crossref and then the results are presented in the form of research title,

researcher name, year of research, and journal source. After obtaining the data, the data

is processed using VOSViewer software. The function of VOSViewer software is to map

the data that has been obtained from the Publish or Perish software in visual form [38].

Result And Discussion

In this study, the results and discussion were based on data obtained through

Publish or Perish and VOSViewer software. Keywords used in Publish or Perish

software for this study include flooding, flood mitigation, drainage channel capacity,

and rainfall. The data obtained is in the form of research title, researcher name, year of

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research, and journal source which is then mapped using VOSViewer software.

Keywords Connection

Figure 1

VOSViewer Network Visualization

Based on the analysis of VOSViewer software using data from Software Publish or

Perish, a visualization map as shown in Figure 1 was obtained. Based on the

visualization results from Figure 1, it was found that the keywords drainage, rainfall,

and flood mitigation have the most related connections between topics.

Figure 2

Keywords Graph According to Occurrence

The data graph of Figure 2 shows keywords based on events. The picture shows

that the keywords drainage, rainfall, and flood mitigation are the keywords based on

events. These keywords are the main keywords in researching flood management

analysis in drainage channels. Although these keywords are the main keywords, other

keywords are still a reference.

Research Keywords Density

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M. Alfi Wahyudi

, Andri Irfan Rifai

, Ade Jaya Saputra

, Joewono Prasetijo

Based on Figure 3 which is the result of analysis using VOSViewer, some keywords

have brighter colors than other keywords that indicate the level of keyword density.

Figure 3

Density Visualization Keyword

The keyword density level refers to how closely related the elements in the

network are. In network analysis, density is calculated as the ratio between the actual

number of connections and the number of possible connections in a network. If the

network has many connections between elements, then the density is high. In this study,

3 keywords have a high level of density, namely rainfall, drainage, and flood mitigation.

This shows a close relationship between flood mitigation, rainfall distribution, drainage,

and other keywords

Research per Year

Based on the results of journal networking using Publish or Perish software, there

are increases and decreases in research every year. The vulnerable journal year used in

this screening starts from 2000 to 2023.

Figure 4

Research Data Yearly

Based on figure 4, from 2000 to 2010 the number of studies on flood management

was still low, indicating that the topic of research on floods in that year was still less

relevant. But from 2011 to 2015, the number of studies on the topic began to be widely

researched and from 2016 to 2023, the number of studies on floods was very much

studied by researchers. This indicates that research on flood management has

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experienced consistent and significant growth. The increase in research in flood

management every year reflects that this research topic is still interesting to research.

Research Publisher and Type

Table 1

Journal Publisher

Publisher

Amount

Wiley

154

CRC Press

101

Copernicus GmbH

American Society of Civil Engineers

Elsevier

Springer International Publishing

MDPI AG

ICE Publishing

Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation

Springer Science and Business Media

LLC

Based on Table 1, in research on the topic of flood management, there are shares

of journal publishers from journals that are netted at the time of journal collection.

Various publishers have an important role to play in gathering references. With a variety

of publishers who have very high-quality research results, article writing will have

diverse content globally.

Figure 5

Resarch Type

Not only that, research on these topics also has references from various types of

research. Not only through research articles, but research also takes references from

other sources such as posted content, books, book chapters, reports, proceedings,

datasets, and monographs. Various types of research that become references in making

articles, will provide an understanding of the relevance, comparison, and continuation

of the research to be made. Thus, the diverse use of references provides a solid basis and

validity for the article.

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, Andri Irfan Rifai

, Ade Jaya Saputra

, Joewono Prasetijo

Research Case Studies

Table 2

Case Study

Bangladesh

Algeria

Indonesia

China

Italia

Spanyol

Ethiopia

Rusia

Nigeria

Taiwan

Jepang

Korea Selatan

India

Yunani

Jerman

Iran

Myanmar

Austria

Inggris

Ghana

Amerika

Turki

Belanda

Pantai Gading

Filipina

Based on table 2 which is the result of a case study analysis of journals netted in

VOSViewer software, research on the topic of flood management has case studies in

various countries in Asia to Europe. References from leading journals containing case

studies in different countries with different drainage conditions provide a solid basis for

looking at how different countries are dealing with flood challenges and designing

solutions that are appropriate to local conditions. Therefore, further research on this

topic is still relevant and can provide deeper insights to support the development of

effective flood mitigation strategies around the world.

Conclusion

This study uses bibliometric methods to analyze research trends on the topic of

flood management in drainage channels. Journal data collection using Publish or Perish

software, then mapped using VOSViewer by entering keywords related to flood

management in drainage channels. The results of the analysis show that keywords such

as rainfall, drainage, and flood mitigation have a close relationship between keywords,

indicating that these keywords are the main focus of the research. In addition, this study

also displays the publisher for each study and type of research. The journals collected by

Publish or Perish software come from various publishers and have various types of

research. With the diversity of publishers and types of research, the articles produced

become globally diverse and provide a solid foundation for research. This study also

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analyzed the publication year of the research that has been collected. Research on the

topic of flood management in drainage channels shows consistent growth from 2016 to

2023. Analysis of case studies in collected journals shows a wide variety of case study

areas. Through this analysis, it can be concluded that research on the topic of flood

management in drainage channels remains relevant and can provide deep insights to

support the development of effective flood mitigation strategies around the world.

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