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Universitas Langlangbuana, Bandung

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Indonesia, as a country with the Pancasila philosophy, has values that include individualism

presentation and conclusion drawing. The results showed that Pancasila democracy is an

ideal government system to balance individualism and collectivism. Individualism and

collectivism can be harmonized in Pancasila democracy by implementing several strategies,

including strengthening character education to instill Pancasila values, increasing

community participation in the democratic process, and empowering communities through

sustainable development programs.

Democracy is an actual and global issue, said to be actual democracy is part of

international issues in addition to economic, environmental and human rights issues. It is said

The basic concept of humans as individual beings has given birth to values about

Human Rights. Humans as social beings have a strong tendency to associate, group, interact

and socialize. Humans as social beings have given birth to collective values such as mutual

cooperation, help, protection of each individual to be able to enjoy a peaceful, safe happy and

prosperous life. In the social community called society, it is often questioned about individual

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struggle between individualistic liberalists who consider individual rights to be something

absolute, therefore social/collective rights must be placed under the subordination of

individual rights. Similarly, with regard to state sovereignty in the social contract theory of

Jhon Locke and Rousseau, state sovereignty originates from the people where individuals

have surrendered some of their rights to the state, as a consequence the state must be subject

to the will of the people. In contrast to the view of the socialist/collectiveist group, which

considers humans as social beings in their own right, social rights are something that is

absolute, therefore individual rights must be under the subordination of social/collective

rights. Likewise, the sovereignty of the state is absolute, therefore the people must be subject

to the state.

no longer needs to be questioned (Nurhayati, Herma sa’ari, Firmanulloh, & Hermansyah,

2022). This view that prioritizes collectivity is also seen in the concept of theocracy among

Catholics in medieval times and in extreme Socialism driven by Marx which was influential

in Europe until the end of the 20th century. This school of thought subordinates individuality

under collectivity (Salamuddin & Repantu, 2015).

It's becoming common in every conflict of understanding to always look for a solution

as an exit after knowing each one's weaknesses to then be combined between understanding

one with the other. Theoni Hegel tries to combine the idea of individual autonomy with the

superior power of collective society which he believes is reflected in the state of dualism

between the individual and society must be eliminated by formulating a conception of the

Principle of Unity. In the will of a just and civilized humanity, the people of Indonesia

recognize, respect and grant equal rights and freedoms to every citizen to exercise the human

rights (Kesuma, Amirudin, Subandi, Lazwardi, & Istihana, 2019). However, these human

rights freedoms do not interfere and must respect the human rights of others. This attitude

shapes the National Perspective adopted and developed by the Indonesian people, which

gives freedom in the expression of human rights while remembering and respecting the rights

of others as well as fostering tolerance and cooperation (RELIOKTAPIA, 2015). With the help

of the Union of Indonesia, the people of Indonesia give priority to the interests of the nation

and the country. But the greater interests of the community should be above the interest of

the group, the tribe, or the individual. This attitude colours the national vision/national vision

adopted and developed by the Indonesian people who prioritize the integrity of the nation

and the country by keeping in mind, respect, and accommodate the interests of the groups,

tribes, and groups.

Pancasila's philosophy harmonizes man as an individual, so that both makhluksocials

are given equal space for movement according to the values contained therein.It's not an easy

thing to be able to reconcile social values on one side with individual values in the other. It is

in the statement that it creates a shock and conflict that in the end individual values will not

ownership is easily removed, transferred without the will of the owner. Things like this have

caused disappointment and a sense of injustice in society itself.

The antagonism between individual rights and the demands of society gives rise to a

conflict between the ideas of collectivists and individualists, who were very influential in the

process of forming a State about the formation of a State, according to Thomas Hobbes,

starting from a state which he described as a wild life, in which all men are hostile to one

another or a state of war between all men (bellum omnium contra omnes) and the nature of

one to another is as though it were a nature of serigala. (Homo homini lupus). In such

circumstances, in order to be able to protect the common interests of all human beings, who

are originally competing in power, it is considered that all people must surrender their

is the basis of the state. What Rouseau said was that the common nature of mankind in the

Primitive phase of society, then changed by the emergence of property rights and by the

invention of technical and mechanical tools. Rousseau argued that this was the cause of

inequalities in society, which had caused conflicts and wars among humans and caused a

chaos in society (disorde social). In order to repair the chaos of this society, the rich are forced

to call on the poor to unite and form a strong joint government.

With the belief that they will be able to obtain a guarantee of public peace and freedom

for humans, all groups of people in society are forced to take a path to enter into a collective

agreement (a Contrat social). In addition to the notion of state sovereignty on the one hand

and the notion of popular sovereignty on the other, there is also the notion of natural law that

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the ruling class where according to the socialist ideology envisioned by the Marxist school, all

class conflicts (classess society) have disappeared (Gadjong, 2019).

Understand the sovereignty of a state in which the gravity of the power of an unlimited

or absolute state is entirely different from that of the People's Sovereignity in which state

power is not absolute, but is limited by law. In the maintenance of government, it turns out

that they both use the democratic model, with a variety of differences. On the terms of

democracy there are what are called Constitutional Democracy, Parliamentary Democracies,

Leading Democracias, Pancasila Democraces, People's Democraties, Soviet Democrats,

National Democratiques and so on (Mafakhir, 2021). From the description above, democracy

has always been linked to the problems of individualism and collectivism of society in the

application in the administration of the Indonesian Government.

As is known, the idea of democracy has existed since ancient Greece (6th to 5th century

BC) which can be referred to the Athenian state (Polis) and the thoughts of Aristotle, Plato

and so on. However, the idea of democracy then disappeared from the western world since

the Romans were defeated by Western Europe and the West was controlled by Christians who

built authoritarian governments and suppressed the freedom of their people. (Mahfud MD.

1999: 269). Before Athens recognized democracy, the Athenian city-state was a monarchy and

then an oligarchy. When one person held the government, the form of state was called

Monarchy. The term Monarchy comes from the Greek words "monas" which means "one" and

their countrymen as slaves.

In the beginning, the idea of Democracy as a state was not highly esteemed, even

renowned scholars such as Plato, viewed democracy as no better than aristocracy. Similarly,

Aristotle saw Monarchy as the ideal form of state; while Hobbes was even more extreme,

seeing democracy as the culprit of the war that occurred in Athens. The destruction of Athens,

according to Plato, was not only due to the external factors of Sparta's invasion and defeat in

the Peloponnesian war, but also due to internal factors of political disintegration and

disorientation due to the implementation of a democratic system of government. Sparta's

victory over Athens also demonstrated the fact that Sparta's aristocratic principles of state life

were superior to Athens' democratic system.

These historical facts are reflected by Plato in his works, especially the Republic. In this

book, Plato explicitly shows his sympathy and admiration for Sparta's authoritarian state

system and his antipathy to democracy. Plato accused democracy of being the cause of Athens

becoming weak and disintegrative and unstable (Suhelmi, 2001). According to Aristotle, if

power lies in the hands of the people and aims at the interests of all society, then the form of

the state is Polythea, but if the state is held by many people (poor, less educated) and aims

only for their interests, then the form of the state is democracy. Democracy seems to have a

birth to a despotic State. The state will act arbitrarily without any power to control it.

However, according to Hobbes, a despotic state is still far better than anarchy due to the

division of state power.

Democracy, which adheres to the principle of power sharing, was considered the culprit

of the civil war in Athens. According to Hobbes, absolute monarchy with only one ruler is the

best form of state (Nursanik & Mursidah, 2020). According to Thomas Aquinos (1226-1274

AD) the best form of state (Optima Civitas) is Government by one person or monarchy With

a single ruler the diversity of views, goals and ideals of the state (Political Pluralism) which is

destructive can be avoided. The ruler, based on the values of morality and natural law, can

personally set the goals and ideals of the state. This is difficult to do when the state is ruled

Montesquieu's Trias Politik. The basic ideas of social contract theory are that state sovereignty

is not something that is taken for granted and comes from God, but sovereignty is a product

of social agreements, the world is controlled by laws based on nature which contains universal

principles of justice, because state power comes from the people there must be guarantees of

individual rights in society, the need for control of power so that the state authorities do not

abuse power, while the Trias Politica theory requires the separation of power (separation of

power) of the state, where state power should not be centralized in a particular ruler or body.

In the next stage of development, the idea of a democratic state developed in line with

the development of the concept of the rule of law (rechtstaat) in several Western countries,

which was pioneered by continental European thinkers such as Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

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according to Plato, namely: organizing the interests of its citizens and trying to make citizens

live well and happy (good life) based on justice, justice rules and must be incarnated in the

state.

With regard to the purpose of the state, the typology of state forms according to Plato is

grouped into the ideal form or the form of mind and the coruption form or the form of

degeneration. The ideal form is a state of mind that seeks to achieve and organize perfection,

Good and Good life and public interest based on justice. Justice reigns and must be incarnated

in the state. This can be broken down into three forms of state of mind, namely:

a. Monarchy (monarchie or monarchy)

b. Aristocracy (Aristocratie or Aristocracy)

representative democracy comes in. Representative democracy involves the election of

representatives by the people to represent their interests and wishes in the legislative body.

These representatives, chosen through elections, are responsible for representing the interests

of the people and making decisions that affect society (Khairazi, 2015).

The definition of democracy shows that the people hold the power, make and determine

the highest decisions and policies in the administration of the state and government and

control the implementation of policies whether carried out directly by the people or their

representatives through representative institutions. In a democratic system, the state operates

according to the wishes of the majority of the people, but also pays attention to the rights of

minorities. This means that decisions taken by the government are based on majority support,

namely individualism and collectivism for the people. Individualism is reflected in the aspect

of freedom given to each individual, while collectivism is reflected in the effort to create unity

and solidarity in society.

Individualism is reflected in the recognition of individual rights in all aspects of life.

According to Locke, he expressed the view that every individual is endowed by nature with

fundamental rights to life, liberty, and property that are their personal property and should

not be interfered with or revoked by the state (Triputra, 2017). According to various views,

individualism asserts that individual freedom is something that must be guarded and

protected seriously. Such freedom includes the right of individuals to determine the truth

from their own perspective. Individuals have the right to determine what they consider best

processes that affect their lives (Ulfiyyati, Muhamad, & Akbari, 2023). Every individual is

considered valuable and has a significant role in the democratic process, including in their

right to participate in elections, express their opinions, and engage in other political activities.

On the other hand, democracy also embraces collectivism. Collectivism is a cultural

value where people are bound in strong bonds, and each individual is expected to maintain

loyalty to the group and focus on the interests of the community in which they live (Reza &

Liauw, 2021). Collectivism can be interpreted as an individual's awareness of the community

in which they live. In a collectivist culture, interactions, associations, and communications are

characterized by a spirit of cooperation and dependence between individuals. This culture

emphasizes the importance of “interdependence”, where each member in the community

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together, and recognition of the importance of cultural and social diversity in the formation

of national identity. This shows that in Indonesia's democratic system, cooperation and

solidarity between individuals are highly valued and upheld in an effort to achieve common

progress and community welfare.

Meanwhile, Indonesia's democratic system is built on the foundation and strength of

Pancasila (Wartoyo, 2019). Pancasila is the main foundation of the Republic of Indonesia in

forming and regulating government, policies, and laws. Pancasila comes from Sanskrit,

consisting of “panca” which means five, and “sila” which refers to principles or principles.

This means that Pancasila can be explained as the five basic principles that serve as the

foundation for the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (Husna & Najicha, 2023).

administration in Pancasila democracy is carried out by the people themselves or at least with

their consent (Ningsih, Dara, & Putri, 2023).

Pancasila democracy is considered the optimal system of government to regulate the

relationship between individualism and collectivism. The harmony between individualism

and collectivism in Pancasila democracy is about creating a balanced equilibrium between

individual rights and collective interests. Although each individual has recognized rights,

these rights must not conflict with the interests and welfare of the collective society

(Febriansyah, 2017). This indicates that although individual rights are recognized, in practice

they must be in line with the common interest and welfare. The opinion confirms that

individual rights, including property rights and human rights are recognized, but national

freedom, and respecting the diversity of religious beliefs in Indonesian society. This

precept is considered the source of basic values in the life of the Indonesian nation.

2. The second precept is a just and civilized humanity.

human rights, and cultured behavior. These values encourage individuals to be fair to

others and interact with the environment and God Almighty.

3. The third precept, the unity of Indonesia

(diversity but one purpose). Unity is considered a dynamic factor that promotes peace in

Indonesian society and is key to the survival of the nation.

4. The fourth precept, Democracy led by wisdom in representative deliberation.

Democracy, either directly or indirectly, allows the people of Indonesia to choose and

determine the leaders of their country.

5. The fifth precept, Social justice for all Indonesian people.

politics, law, economy, social and culture. This value emphasizes that every citizen has the

including the right to religion, freedom of speech, the right to justice, and economic and social

rights (Husna & Najicha, 2023).

Pancasila recognizes the importance of recognizing human rights, which include basic

rights such as the right to life, development, and the pursuit of happiness. This is reflected in

the first and second precepts of Pancasila. The first precept affirms belief in God Almighty,

provides freedom of religion, and respects the diversity of religious beliefs in Indonesia.

Meanwhile, the second precept emphasizes a just and civilized humanity, which includes fair

treatment of fellow human beings and respect for human rights. The second precept

highlights the importance of Indonesian society to respect and protect human rights and

promote social welfare.

(Febriansyah, 2017).

In addition, the value of helping each other and working together to achieve common

goals is also part of the nation's noble values reflected in the third principle of Pancasila.

Pancasila democracy also encourages the active participation of all citizens in the political

decision-making process. This is done through a deliberative process of consensus and fair

and clean elections, reflecting the prioritization of the common interests of society. This

principle, which requires every decision to be made through a process of deliberation and

consensus by considering the interests of all parties, is reflected in the fourth precept of

Pancasila.

This finding shows that the Pancasila democratic system is a just and equitable legal