HARMONIOUS HUSBAND AND WIFE RELATIONSHIP: RECOGNISE DYADIC COPING SKILLS AND SPOUSAL RELATIONSHIP SATISFACTION

A harmonious marriage is associated with spousal satisfaction. However, in Indonesia, the divorce rate increases every year. Maintaining a harmonious family takes effort from the spouses and is discussed using stimulus, value, and role theories, as internal factors. The external factor is dyadic coping, which is the ability of couples to cope with pressure together and is discussed using the systematic transactional model. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of dyadic coping on the achievement of harmonious relationships between husbands and wives. Method: non-experimental quantitative with cross-sectional technique. Sample characteristics are heterosexual couples who have been married for at least 1 year, aged over 20 years, and as many as 150 couples or 300 participants. Relationship satisfaction measurement tool, The Perceived Relationship Quality Components Inventory (PRQC), Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient = 0.978, while Dyadic Coping is measured by the Dyadic Coping Inventory (DCI), Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient = 0.911. Data processing using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), LISREL 8.80 program, the measurement model shows all items are valid and the structural model shows a fit and significant model. The results showed the similarity of husbands and wives handling pressure, using positive dyadic coping. The difference between husbands and wives in the perception of harmonious relationship satisfaction is the aspect of love and intimacy. These findings, it is expected to be used by counselors, family psychologists, and others to guide couples to be harmonious.


Introduction
Marriage is associated with partner satisfaction and happiness (Dyrenforth et al., 2010).Some people are satisfied and happy with their marriage and others are dissatisfied and unhappy.Marriage in Indonesia, regulated in Law Number 1 of 1974, states marriage as a physical and mental bond between a man and a woman as husband and wife to form a happy and eternal family (household) based on the Almighty God-UU Perkawinan (Presiden Republik Indonesia, n.d.).But in reality, the divorce rate has increased every year.In 2022 there were 516,334 divorce cases and this figure increased by 15.31% when compared to 2021.It turns out that in 2022 the majority of divorce lawsuits were filed by wives as much as 75.21% and filed by husbands or divorced as much as 24.78%.The causes of divorce are due to prolonged disputes or arguments, economic problems, one partner leaving, polygamy, and domestic violence.Due to this situation, it turns out that there are problems of differences in married couples that are not completely resolved, ending with the decision to divorce (Cindy Mutia Annur, 2023).

Relationship Satisfaction
Maintaining a harmonious family requires effort from a married couple.The approach to partner satisfaction can be viewed from the theory of stimulus, value, and role (Murstein, 1970) which explains it as a process.The first stage is called the stimulus stage, namely satisfaction obtained visually, auditory without interaction, the second stage is called value, namely values that are mutually agreed upon due to verbal interaction and the last stage is referred to as role, namely the ability of couples to play a role together and respect each other.Research by George et al. (2015) proves that the important domain is at the stimulus stage because it determines the similarity of couple characteristics (couple similarity).As explained (by George et al., 2015), couple similarity turns out not to be a strong predictor of building a harmonious relationship between husband and wife.The results of this study also prove that spousal dissatisfaction comes from aspects of the couple's age, spirituality, and couple developmental orientation.Reinforced by (Wu et al. (2020) by using the vulnerabilitystress-adaptation model, it is proven that the harmonious marriage relationship is an adaptation process and becomes a strength in fostering togetherness.The two research results above, not only stimulus factors but need to consider value and role factors (Murstein, 1970) which are seen as a process of adaptation of married couples.
Research by Chi et al. (2020)with a national sample of 10,860 married couples in China showed differences in couples' relationship-oriented values.When the marriage age is short (4 years of marriage), the life satisfaction of the couple is mostly determined by the wife.However, when the marriage age is long, the couple's life satisfaction is determined by the husband.The research findings of Chi et al. (2020) showed that roles change with increasing marital age.Another study reviewed the harmonious relationship between husband and wife based on the couple's personality.The results of O'Meara & South's (2019)research based on the Big Five Personality found that Neuroticism personality and Conscientiousness personality with increasing marital age hurt partner satisfaction.This research was conducted in the United States with a sample size of 1,965 and also predicted relationships and life satisfaction based on the personalities of 3 countries namely Australia (N=5,278), the UK (N=6,554), and Germany (N=11,418).The results showed that Agreeableness personality, Conscientiousness personality, and Emotional Stability accounted for about 1 to 3% of the variance in relationship satisfaction and life satisfaction.In other words, although personality affects spousal relationship satisfaction and life satisfaction, the contribution is still very low.
Many research efforts have been made to achieve marital harmony.A harmonious husband and wife are characterized by having satisfaction in their marriage.Rusbult & Buunk (1993) refer to relationship satisfaction or marital satisfaction, namely the husband and wife's interest in the romantic relationship they live in so that it gives rise to positive feelings of husband and wife, and vice versa if there is no satisfaction.When positive feelings arise in a married couple, it will have the effect of happiness, satisfaction, and pleasant experiences carried out together (Olson et al., 2014;Rusbult & Buunk, 1993) and vice versa when negative feelings arise it will have the effect of anger, dislike, and distance from each other.In 2022, (Li et al., 2022) examined marriage satisfaction predicted using neural synchronization.Based on intersubject synchronization (ISS) of brain responses during watching movies related to married life, and movies that are not related to married life.The findings showed that mental responses to subjective perceptions, thoughts, and feelings about interpersonal and social interactions were strong predictors of marital satisfaction.
Thus, it can be said that many research efforts have been made to find and search for internal aspects of husband and wife to establish a harmonious relationship.The findings of these studies are evidence that being a harmonious married couple is not easy, requiring understanding from both parties.For this reason, if the internal aspects are understood, it is necessary to have a strategy for husbands and wives to face and solve problems together.

Dyadic Copying
Dyadic coping is defined as the concept of a process used by married couples to cope with stressors, couples' strategies to overcome problems together, and husband or wife strategies to help other partners cope with stress (Falconer et al., 2015).Based on metaanalysis research (Falconier et al., 2015), a correlation coefficient of 0.45 was obtained on the relationship between dyadic copying and total relationship satisfaction regardless of gender, age, length of marriage relationship, education level, and nationality.In other words, spousal relationship satisfaction was predicted by dyadic copying jointly by spouses.However, when done alone, by husbands or wives, it has a smaller impact on relationship satisfaction.Reinforced by (Rusu et al., 2020) in their longitudinal study that spousal relationship satisfaction is better when the partner acts as a person who helps overcome their partner's stress.
The systematic transactional model ( (Bodenmann et al., 2017a)) is a model that describes married couples coping with stress together.The model assumes that the processes of judgment, goals, attributions, involvement, resources, motivation, and time influence the way couples interact and support each other in dealing with stress.According to this model, couples can perform dyadic coping using one of the following ways (1) one partner copes with stress independently without involving their partner.(2) both partners cope with stress together by sharing feelings, information, and strategies.(3) one partner expects help from the other without communicating it directly.(4) one partner responds to the other's stress by providing emotional, instrumental, or informational support.(5) one partner prevents or reduces the other partner's stress by taking actions that can improve the other partner's well-being.
The actions of married couples are concluded by Bodenmann & Randall (2020) that couples who get a source of stress from outside will get negative dyadic coping behavior from their spouses, resulting in a low level of husband and wife relationships.Conversely, if the source of stress from the husband and wife relationship is positive dyadic coping, it affects increasing the harmonious relationship.Rusu et al. (2020) further developed positive dyadic copying that can improve harmonious relationships.He said positive dyadic copying behavior in the form of (1) the husband or wife supporting a partner who is under stress, (2) husband or wife's perception of how well to support him when stressed, and (3) joint efforts to deal with stress.Couples who more often use positive dyadic coping tend to be more harmonious than couples who rarely or do not use dyadic coping.
Couples use positive dyadic copying or negative dyadic copying depending on the match between the needs and expectations of the couple and this can be done by communicating openly about stress and its resolution and trying to appreciate and respect each other (Bodenmann et al., 2018).Dyadic coping is an effective way to cope with daily problems because it can increase marital satisfaction (Won & Seol, 2020).Furthermore, it is explained that marital satisfaction is greatly influenced by how to deal with stress, whether using positive or negative ways towards their spouses.As explained by Won & Seol, (2020), the husband's stress, which is overcome positively or negatively, has an indirect effect on the wife's marital satisfaction.In contrast, wives' stress that is dealt with positively has a direct effect on husbands' marital satisfaction (Jiménez-Picón et al., 2021;Won & Seol, 2020).In other words, there are differences in responses between husbands and wives to dyadic coping that ultimately affect couple harmony.In other words, there are differences in responses between husbands and wives to dyadic coping that ultimately affect couple harmony.
One interesting thing to understand is that there are differences in responses between husbands and wives in handling or resolving pressure or problems.As a research novelty, the researcher considers that it is still necessary to deepen the research by raising the differences in strategies between husbands and wives in overcoming pressure to achieve a harmonious couple (Won & Seol, 2020).The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of dyadic coping on the achievement of harmonious relationships between husbands and wives.So, the research hypotheses built are (1) the influence of dyadic coping on the achievement of harmonious relationships in the husband group.(2) the influence of dyadic coping on the achievement of harmonious relationships in the wife group.Research is important because it is expected to reduce the divorce rate in Indonesia, which is increasing every year.If married couples understand the similarities or differences, especially in terms of coping with life pressures with positive dyadic copying, it is expected to be easier to establish a harmonious relationship.

Research Method
The research design used non-experimental quantitative methods with cross-sectional techniques.Sampling using purposive sampling with non-probability sampling techniques.Sample characteristics are heterosexual couples who have been married for at least 1 year, are over 20 years old and are willing to participate voluntarily.The number of participants was 150 married couples or 300 participants.
The dependent variable Relationship Satisfaction was measured using The Perceived Relationship Quality Components Inventory (PRQC) by (Fletcher et al., 2000).PRQC consists of 18 items divided into 6 dimensions, namely 3 items of harmonious relationship dimension, 3 items of commitment dimension, 3 items of intimacy dimension, 3 items of trust dimension, 3 items of passion dimension, and 3 items of love dimension.The reliability coefficient of PRQC tested with Cronbach Alpha is 0.978, meaning that it has very good internal consistency between items.The independent variable Dyadic Coping was measured using the Dyadic Coping Inventory (DCI) developed by Guy Bodenmann (Bodenmann et al., 2018).The DCI consists of 34 statements divided into positive dyadic coping dimensions (problemfocused coping and emotion-focused coping); the delegated dyadic coping dimension is a coping strategy when one party of the couple takes over the duties of their partner to ease the burden on their partner; the negative dyadic coping dimension and the joint dyadic coping dimension a situation where both partners, both feel stress and try to work together to overcome the stress.The reliability coefficient of the DCI tested with Cronbach Alpha is 0.911, meaning that it has very good internal consistency between items.
Data analysis to test the hypothesis using SEM (Structural Equation Modeling).SEM requires testing the measurement model first, then testing the structural model and processing using the LISREL 8.80 program (Joreskog & Sorbom, 1996).Data collection procedures using questionnaires were made in g-form and can be accessed through the g-from link.The questionnaire was structured with Likert scale attitudinal statements and participants responded with scale 1 stating strongly disagree; scale 2 stating disagree; scale 3 stating agree and scale 4 stating strongly agree.

Measurement Model
Relationship Satisfaction Variable is a dependent variable and is a latent variable.Consists of 6 dimensions, namely harmonious relationship, commitment, intimacy, trust, passion, and love.Test construct validity using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with Chi-Square = 0.00, df = 0, P-value = 1.00000,RMSEA = 0.000.The P-value> 0.05 indicates a fit model, meaning that the empirical data obtained from the field supports the theoretical concepts built.All items in each dimension show valid or significant items with a value> 1.96 at the 95% confidence level.Thus all relationship satisfaction variable items are valid items for their dimensions.Dyadic Copying Variable is an independent variable and is a latent variable.It consists of 5 dimensions, namely the dimensions of problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping, delegated dyadic coping, negative dyadic coping, and joint dyadic coping.The construct validity test using Confirmatory Factor Analysis with all dimensions shows a fit model with a p-value> 0.05.This means that the empirical data obtained from the field supports the concept of research theory.All DCI dimension items show valid items or significance with a t value> 1.96 at the 95% confidence level.Thus all dyadic copying items are valid items for their dimensions.Thus all dyadic copying items are valid items for their dimensions.

Structural Model
The structural model in the husband group between the influence of dyadic copying on harmonious relationships shows a fit model with Normed Fit Index (NFI) = 0.98; Non-Normed Fit Index (NNFI) = 0.98; Relative Fit Index (RFI) = 0.97.Thus, empirical data can be used to prove the concept of the theory being built.The effect of dyadic copying on harmonious relationships of 0.98 shows a very strong relationship.The dimension of dyadic copying that is very influential is emotion dyadic copying and vice versa, the dimension of dyadic copying that plays a lesser role is negative dyadic copying.
Meanwhile, the dimension of harmonious relationship satisfaction is strongest in the relationship and intimacy dimension and conversely plays the lowest role, namely the love dimension.The structural model in the wife group between the influence of dyadic copying on harmonious relationships shows a fit model with Normed Fit Index (NFI) = 0.98; Non-Normed Fit Index (NNFI) = 0.99; Relative Fit Index (RFI) = 0.98.Thus, empirical data can be used to prove the theoretical concepts built.The effect of dyadic copying on harmonious relationships of 0.91 shows a very strong relationship.The dimension of dyadic copying that is very influential is emotion dyadic copying and conversely, the dimension of dyadic copying that plays a lesser role is negative dyadic copying.Meanwhile, the strongest dimension of harmony relationship satisfaction is the love dimension and on the contrary, the lowest role is the passion dimension.

Determination Analysis
The relationship between dyadic copying and harmonious relationships can be viewed from the aspect of determination, namely how well the structural equation modeling model can be explained by the variance of the dyadic copying variable.If a high R 2 is obtained or close to 100%, it shows that the dyadic copying variable as a predictor has a very good ability to explain the satisfaction of relationships satisfaction.And vice versa, if a low R 2 is obtained or close to 0%, it indicates that the dyadic copying variable as a predictor is less able to explain harmonious relationship satisfaction.The results obtained in the husband group were higher than in the wife group.This means that in the husband group, there is a strong relationship contribution due to the influence of dyadic coping.On relationship satisfaction, there were differences between husbands and wives.Husbands think that love is the least important factor that makes them satisfied, but wives think that love is the most important factor that determines the satisfaction of the relationship between husband and wife.According to the wife, the passion factor is less supportive of her harmony.Meanwhile, the husband believes that the intimacy factor is the most supportive factor for the harmony of a married couple.

Discussion
Based on the analysis of valid items from the relationship satisfaction variable, it turns out that 2 out of 3 items that have a strong relationship come from the relationship satisfaction dimension, plus 1 item from the commitment dimension.Satisfaction, meaning, and commitment are aspects that are considered to affect the relationship between husband and wife.The love dimension, which is described as being loved and loving, admiring and respecting the partner, is the dominant factor in the establishment of a good relationship between couples.The aspect that receives less attention from couples is how connected the relationship is when establishing intimacy together (Martos et al., 2021).
Overall, it turns out that dyadic coping variables are strongest in couples when they can express emotions, while the weakest in blaming the partner for not dealing well with the stress felt by the other partner.It should be emphasized that most couples solve their problems and life stresses by focusing on the problem (Brandão et al., 2020).If one partner is stressed, the other partner helps see it differently.The partner listens and provides an opportunity to communicate the issues that are bothering him or her.Then the partner helps analyze the situation, to deal with the problem better.Even if necessary, the partner tells the person that the stress is not as bad as he or she thinks.
The partner listens and gives distance and time to communicate the real problem.Partners try to analyze the situation together and help understand and overcome the problem.If there is disagreement, the partner blames the partner for not dealing with the stress well, does not take the partner's stress seriously, and although he or she provides motivation, it is only superficial (Randall & Bodenmann, 2017).

Dyadic Coping: Solve problems using problem-focused factors
When viewed based on the contribution of dyadic coping to the achievement of relationship satisfaction in husbands by 97%, while in wives by 92%.This finding is less in line with the results of research (Won & Seol, 2020)which states that there are differences in responses between husbands and wives to dyadic coping which ultimately affects the harmony of the couple.The results of research from the aspect of dyadic coping or strategies to deal with problems or pressures, both husbands and wives have in common, namely using positive dyadic copying to deal with pressure and not using negative dyadic copying.The opinion (Vangelisti, 2006) is that couples who get a source of stress from outside will get negative dyadic coping behavior from their partners.In this case, it seems that the source of stress does not come from outside, but comes from the partner.that couples who get a source of stress from outside will get negative dyadic coping behavior from their partners.
Although husbands and wives both use positive dyadic copying, when viewed from the positive aspects, there are differences.Husbands overcome more problems or pressures by reducing negative emotions that arise (emotion-focused coping), namely calming themselves, diverting attention, and sharing feelings.Meanwhile, wives cope more to relieve their stress (problem-focused coping), namely seeking information, finding solutions, or taking action (Bodenmann & Randall, 2020).Thus the systematic transactional model-STM Dengan demikian the systematic transactional model-STM (Bodenmann et al., 2017a) is a model that explains married couples coping with stress jointly carried out by the couple.When viewed based on the contribution of dyadic coping to the achievement of relationship satisfaction in husbands by 97%, while in wives by 92%.This finding is less in line with the results of research (Won & Seol, 2020) which states that there are differences in responses between husbands and wives to dyadic coping which ultimately affects the harmony of the couple.The results of research from the aspect of dyadic coping or strategies to deal with problems or pressures, both husbands and wives have in common, namely using positive dyadic copying to deal with pressure and not using negative dyadic copying.According to the opinion of Vangelisti (2006), couples who get a source of stress from outside will get negative dyadic coping behavior from their partners.In this case, it seems that the source of stress does not come from outside, but comes from the partner.that couples who get a source of stress from outside will get negative dyadic coping behavior from their partners.
Dyadic coping has two main functions on the individual, namely functions related to individual stress and functions related to the partner (Zurlo et al., 2019).The function related to individual stress when dyadic coping can be done well, then one of the partners who experiences stress personally has a high probability of overcoming the stress he/she is experiencing by dealing with it with the help of his/her partner.Functions related to the partner when dyadic coping can prevent and improve the stress that occurs to both parties in the relationship.Often stress that is only felt by one party can be "contagious" so that the partner of the individual also feels the existing stress commonly referred to as we-stress.By doing a good dyadic coping strategy, couples can avoid the occurrence of we-stress, and also increase the level of trust, and intimacy in couples because they feel successful in facing problems together.

Relationship Satisfaction: Different perspectives of couples
By the findings that the source of stress comes from internal partners (Bodenmann et al., 2017b) it turns out to be justified when viewed from the satisfaction of the husband and wife relationship.In the love factor, the husband considers it not something that needs to be considered, but it turns out that the wife thinks that the love factor is the most important thing to consider for couple harmony to occur.According to Fletcher et al. (2000), the quality of relationship satisfaction is mutually loved and loving and cannot be imagined if living without a partner.Husbands consider intimacy to be the most important factor that plays a role in harmonious relationship satisfaction.The intimacy factor is the feeling of being close and connected.Wives think the passion factor is a factor that is less supportive of partner satisfaction.Passion reflects the couple feeling passionate and "fiery" with their partner (Gagliardi et al., 2015;Wilson et al., 2015).
Thus it can be said that the difference in perceiving relationship satisfaction is the forerunner of a less harmonious relationship.Negative feelings that arise will have the effect of anger, dislike, and distance from each other (Olson et al., 2014).Added by Li et al. (2022) subjective perceptions, thoughts, and feelings about interpersonal and social interactions are strong predictors of marital satisfaction.Therefore, differences in relationship satisfaction need to be discussed with the partner so that the husband and wife understand each other's wants and needs (Aman et al., 2019).
In the theory of stimulus, value, and role (Murstein, 1970), it is necessary to consider the value and role factors as a process of adaptation of married couples with the age of marriage (Chi et al., 2020;Wilson et al., 2015).The ability and willingness of married couples to communicate more openly and understand each other is the beginning of the establishment of a harmonious couple (Cheung et al., 2022;Gaunt, 2006).
When finding a romantic relationship that satisfies one's desires is the primary goal, a lot of time and effort goes into finding the ideal relationship for the individual.When the romantic relationship that satisfies the individual has been well fulfilled, it will contribute to the improvement of the physical and mental health of the individual (Holzapfel et al., 2018).Research shows that expectations are one of the important factors that influence individual and couple relationship satisfaction.Expectations themselves can be divided into two, namely biased expectations and accurate expectations.In bias, individuals tend to view their relationships and partners with all the beauty so that these individuals have expectations for their partners to meet the standards they have.While accurate, individuals tend to see life and the relationships they have more realistically, and the expectations they have of the relationship are in line with the experiences they have in the relationship (Falconer et al., 2015).Happ et al. (2023)say that individuals with accurate expectations can correct their partners more effectively, understand their partners' needs better, and also anticipate behaviors that will arise from their partners.
And these matters can ultimately lead to a more harmonious relationship and the level of relationship satisfaction also increases.

Conclusion
The research objectives have been achieved, namely that there is an influence of dyadic coping on the achievement of harmonious relationships between husbands and wives.This is explained through the research hypothesis (1), namely that there is a proven influence of dyadic coping on the achievement of harmonious relationships in the husband's group, and hypothesis (2), namely that there is a proven influence of dyadic coping on the achievement of harmonious relationships in the wife's group.
The results of this study at least contribute to reducing the divorce rate in Indonesia.This research can be utilized by marriage counselors, family psychologists, and therapists in providing interventions to become harmonious couples.Limitations the study used a limited sample in the Jabodetabek area.Research on spousal relationship satisfaction has been conducted across countries.Therefore, it is recommended that future research be conducted together with other countries with different cultural contexts and social values.
Notes: Path Diagram uses a standardized solution.DC, Dyadic: Dyadic Coping; RS, Satisfac: Relationship Satisfaction Figure 1.Relationship between Structural Model Variables in The Husband Group Notes: Significance values are > 1,96 with an error of 5%.DC, Dyadic: Dyadic Coping; RS, Satisfac: Relationship Satisfaction Figure 2. Significant Levels Between Structural Model Variables in The Husband Group Notes: Path Diagram uses a standardized solution.DC, Dyadic: Dyadic Coping; RS, Satisfac: Relationship Satisfaction Figure 3. Relationship between Structural Model Variables in The Wife Group Notes: Significance values are > 1,96 with an error of 5%.DC, Dyadic: Dyadic Coping; RS, Satisfac: Relationship Satisfaction

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Significant Levels Between Structural Model Variables in The Wife Group