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Edunity
Volume 2 Number 11, November, 2023
p- ISSN 2963-3648- e-ISSN 2964-8653
Doi:
https://edunity.publikasikupublisher.com/index.php/Edunity/index
The Shift from Print to Digital Media and Its Effect on Users'
Media Literacy in Critiquing the Depth of News: A Systematic
Literature Review
Meyka Septira Utami Pinem
University of Indonesia
E-mail: meyka.septi[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Since the global outbreak of coronavirus, the existence of print media has been displaced by
online media which the public can easily access any information from their smartphones.
However, with this change the credibility of online media is often questioned because of the
rampant fake news circulating, where one of the reasons is accessibility that everyone could
become a writer. On the other hand, the editing process is considered not as strict as the printed
media, so that it has a stigma that this news is just faster than the others but without any
appropriate confirmation of facts. Thus this systematic literature review study will discuss the
effect of changing print media to digital media and its influence on user media literacy in
criticizing news The results obtained show that there are still many people, especially the
younger generation, who cannot distinguish fake news from the accurate one. In conclusion
critical media literacy is needed so that journalism in the future does not experience setbacks.
Keywords: Media Literacy; Online Media; Fake News; Journalism
Introduction
Internet users are freely connected to various genres that can arouse one's curiosity
through the millions of narratives offered by the internet (Lindgren, 2017).According to
Publishing and the Media Industries in the Digital Age, print media is unlikely to exist
for a prolonged period because consumers will start switching to digital media instead
of buying newspapers, books, or magazines, since digital media is clearly unique in its
ability to attract readers both in terms of how news is presented, provided with comment
columns, and the sense of entertainment (Hibbert, 1999)
Younger people consume news content using mobile phones in greater proportion than
older groups. The Digital News Report found that smartphones are the primary platform
for users under 25 to access news, beating all media platforms including broadcast news
on TV (Hill & Bradshaw, 2018). Meanwhile, for those above 25 years old, broadcast news
on TV is the most preferred platform for them to consume news information. (Reuters
Institute, 2016) This research shows that smartphones can clearly accommodate the
needs of most groups of people to consume media. One of the key factors in the
displacement of magazines and newspapers is the simplicity with which consumers may
obtain news on it at any time and in any place.
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Realizing this, various media companies have flocked to maintain their existence in the
digital world, and various online news portals have emerged to present the latest news
to people who tend to shift their behavior to want to be fast and connected. Through the
Digital News Report 2022, the media landscape in Indonesia shows that people consume
more online media where the percentage is 88%. The report also states that Detik.com,
Kompas online, and CNN.com are the top 3 online news portals most frequently
accessed by the public (Reuters Institute, 2022)
But on the other hand, the speed of online media in presenting news is considered not
all accountable when compared to print media. The reason is that the news presented in
the print media, the content is more accountable because the production has gone
through an editing process so that it is better able to avoid the existence of data that is
not suitable for printing which then makes the content in print media considered to be
more accurate than digital media (Ispriadi, Putri, & Dewani, 2020). So that digital media
often gets the stigma of not being able to convey news in depth.
This assumption makes researchers conduct a study related to the issue of online media
existence on the critical literacy of the community in responding to news on applications
and news portals. The discussion will include media literacy, clickbait. The question to
be answered in this systematic literature review is:
RQ1. How does the shift from print media to digital media affect users' media literacy
in criticizing news?
Theoretical Background
Media Literacy and the Nature of Digital Media
Talking about online media is closely related to media literacy. Media literacy itself is
defined as the knowledge, skills and competencies needed to interpret media (Kamerer,
2013). The concept of media literacy also involves critical literacy based on reflection,
analysis and evaluation. It is not only about the content and supporting elements of
media texts, but also about the social, economic, political, and historical contexts in
which the messages are formed (Kamerer, 2013). When someone becomes more sensitive
to media literacy, this has a good impact on one's point of view in viewing the news with
a clearer perspective in classifying what points are reality, which points are actually the
result of media construction (Zhang & Zhu, 2016). So it will be easier to navigate the
right information and not distracted by things that are wrong and dangerous and a better
experience in consuming media (Kamerer, 2013).
Mediated media, one of which is digital media, has vague boundaries. Everyone can
publish something and become a creator. Consumers can even choose where to receive
the news from. However, sometimes sources that look convincing do not fully convey
news according to reality because not everyone has credibility in delivering news,
[The Shift from Print to Digital Media and Its Effect on
Users' Media Literacy in Critiquing the Depth of News: A
Systematic Literature Review]
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especially if the news comes from social media where the quality of individuals who
share messages or news is still of questionable value. Therefore, sorting out good quality
information eventually becomes a necessary skill. By strengthening media literacy, one
can improve their choice and understanding of better information to consume.
Clickbait News and Disruption of Digital Media
The tendency for people to want everything to be fast-paced has led to the rise of hoax
consumption in society. The use of "clickbait" has become widespread among digital
producers and content, especially in the news media industry. In fact, it has become
popular and people intuitively understand this strategy (Bazaco, Redondo, & Sánchez-
García, 2019).
Based on previous studies, clickbait is defined as a way to promote articles or content by
attracting readers to click on a headline that has been inserted with a link and is generally
spread through a short message as bait (Potthast et al, 2016, p.810) Thus, clickbait content
is produced with an approach to seeking attention as an economic strategy that is closely
related to sensation, information in the form of entertainment, where the bait is intended
as a way of marketing applied through eye-catching headlines, direct invitations to
readers, to the superficial and exaggerated nature of the content (Bazaco et al., 2019) The
reason this phenomena exists is because an intriguing title will encourage people to read
more about the news. In other words, reading the primary headline, which is regarded
as the basic premise of the entire information that the news writer intends to deliver to
readers, is how internet users deal with the deluge of information in online media (Dor,
2003).
The flood of information is what causes more noise or disturbances in digital media,
including piracy, copyright, search engine manipulation, identity theft, and phishing; as
a result, the first line of defense is to create an educated society, to become someone who
is aware of media literacy, to become someone who will think carefully before clicking
and sharing information, also being educate with media literacy
Critical Literacy and News Depth
If drawn to the issue in Indonesia, the Reuters Institute Study of Journalism Indonesia
survey, (Steele, 2022)shows that public trust in online media journalism is 39% which is
quite low. The reason is their belief that news portals are not independent of the interests
of several parties ranging from economics, politics, to business. Humprecht (2017)
himself also said that one of the functions of the media in a democratic society is to
broadcast independent, credible, and fair news, so that the function of the media can be
fulfilled and reader loyalty increases.
Research Method
Research Methods: Systematic Literature Review
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Systematic Literature Reviews aim to include all published evidence on the subject and
evaluate the quality of this evidence while integrating scientific evidence to answer a
specific research question in a transparent and reproducible manner (Lame, 2019).
Therefore, researchers decided that systematic literature review as the method for
answering the research question. This scientific journal article is written with the aim of
finding out previous research on the shift in existence from print media to digital media
and its influence on readers' media literacy in understanding and criticizing the depth
of news. To achieve this goal, a systematic literature review of articles, journals,
conference papers, and books that discuss this subject is required.
Data Collection Criteria and Techniques
lataA systematic literature review was conducted by screening secondary data
documents that had data criteria including being published and affiliated with Scopus
using the keyword critical online media literacy and the search was limited to the subject
area of social sciences and humanities and publications on media with English delivery
language during the time period 2020 to 2023 there were a total of 233. Journal articles
related to the keywords were then reduced according to the inclusion and exclusion
criteria until a total of 12 documents were obtained after passing the screening stage
Table 1
Table 1. Inclusion and Exclusion
Criteria
Inclusion
Exclusion
Year of
Publication
2020- April 2023
Dibawah 2020
Field of Research
Social sciences and humanities
only
In addition to social sciences
and humanities
Document Type
Article only
In addition to articles
Keyword
critical media literacy; online
internet media;
Without keywords
Source
Journals and Book
Besides Journals and Book
Language
English only
Besides english
The articles analyzed are journals from the period 2020 to 2023 in Scopus publications
where 5 journals from the publication year 2022, 5 journals from the publication year
2021, 2 journals from the publication year 2020 were found. The reduced journal articles
are also limited to using only English with the source of the discussion areas of Media
and Communication, Media Literacy Education, New Media and Society. With that, the
following PRISMA diagram is the flow of data filtering (Table 2)
Table 2. Reduction Prism Selection
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Systematic Literature Review]
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Result and Discussion
Result
From a total of 233 articles with the keyword critical online media literacy, the search
was screened based on year of publication, discipline, and concept category. Thus, the
proportion of articles that appear will be displayed in the table below as follows. The
percentage of article findings is also broken down by research method and location.
Figure 1.
Findings by Year of Publication
The pie chart above shows the percentage of journal findings from 2020 to 2023 with
predetermined keywords and restrictions. It was found that in 2020 there were 2 journal
findings (16.7%), in 2022 and 2021 the percentage was the same, namely each year there
were 5 journal findings (83.4%), while in 2023 no discussion of media literacy was found
Records identified through database
searching with “Literacy, Online, Media”
keywords in Scopus (n=2474)
Records screened after duplicates
removed
(n=233)
Full text article assessed for eligibility
(n=58)
Studies included in the systematic
review
(n=12)
Records excluded not in
social,science or
communication context,
not written in english
Records excluded not
contain keywords “media
literacy, critical literacy,
digital literacy” in abstract
Identificati
on
Screeni
Eligibil
ity
Includ
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Meyka Septira Utami Pinem
in the sources of discussion that have been submitted in the data criteria sub chapter.
Figure 2.
Findings Based on Research Methods
Of the 12 related journals, 5 journals (41.7%) conducted qualitative research, 2 journals
(16.7%) conducted quantitative research, and 5 journals (41.7%) conducted mixed
method research. Based on observations in the related literature, interviews are the most
widely used data collection technique. Although some studies conducted a survey
questionnaire at the beginning, there were 5 journals that still used the interview
technique after the survey was conducted.
Figure 3.
Findings Based on Research Location
The findings show that the majority of research was conducted in the United States
(33.3%), followed by Germany (25%), then Spain (16.7%) and online methods (16.7%)
have the same value of 2 journals each. Finally, Cyprus found 1 journal (8.3%). From the
above pie, it can be seen that the United States brings the most issues to research from
2020 to 2023.
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Figure 4.
Findings Based on Research Concepts
Based on the journal findings, the fundamental concepts obtained, the distribution is as
follows where the concept of Media Literacy was found in 4 journals, Digital Literacy in
2 journals, Critical Literacy in 2 journals, News Literacy in 2 journals, News Algorithm
in 1 journal, and Congenial Media Effect in 1 journal.
Selected Journal Articles
Through screening based on data criteria, 12 journals from 2020 to 2023 were
obtained as follows with details of journal titles and years, authors, concepts, research
locations, and research methods (Table 2).
Table 3. Selected Journal Articles
NNo
Journal Title and
Year
Author
Concept
Fundamentals
Research
Location
Research
Methods
11
Mapping the
Inclusion of
Children and
Youth With
Disabilities in
Media Literacy
Research (2022)
Carla Sousa
(2022) dan
Conceição Co
Media
Literacy
Portugal,
Spanyol
Quantitative
22
Inclusive Media
Education in the
Diverse
Classroom: A
Participatory
Bozdağ,
Çiğdema
(2022)
Media
Literacy
Education
Jerman
Qualitative
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Meyka Septira Utami Pinem
NNo
Journal Title and
Year
Author
Concept
Fundamentals
Research
Location
Research
Methods
Action Research
in Germany (2022)
33
Journalism
Students and
Information
Consumption in
the Era of Fake
News (2021)
Santiago
Tejedor, Marta
Portalés,Ricardo
Carniel-Bugs
dan Laura Cervi
Fake News &
Media
Literacy
Barcelona,
Spanyol
Quantitative
and
Qualitative
44
Transforming
Disinformation on
Minorities Into a
Pedagogical
Resource:
Towards a Critical
Intercultural
News Literacy
(2022)
Sílvia Melo‐
Pfeifer dan
Helena Dedecek
Gertz
Critical
Intercultural
News Literacy
Jerman
Qualitative
55
News literacy,
fake news
recognition, and
authentication
behaviors after
exposure to fake
news on social
media (2022)
Chan, Michael
(2022)
News Literacy
Online,
Japan
Quantitative
66
Going against the
grain? Examining
the efficacy of
media literacy
interventions on
congenial media
effects (2022)
Blomberg,
Matthew L.
(2022)
Congenial
Media Effects
US
Quantitative
77
Exploring
adolescents’
critical thinking
aptitudes when
Bissonnette,
Marianne;
Bissonnette M.;
Chastenay,
Critical Media
Literacy
Kanada,
US
Quantitative
and
Qualitative
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Users' Media Literacy in Critiquing the Depth of News: A
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NNo
Journal Title and
Year
Author
Concept
Fundamentals
Research
Location
Research
Methods
reading about
science in the
news (2021)
Pierre;
Francoeur,
Chanta (2021)
88
Media, obesity
discourse, and
participatory
politics: Exploring
digital
engagement
among university
students (2021)
Papaioannou,
Tao (2021)
Digital
Literacy
Cyprus
Qualitative
99
Internet users’
utopian/dystopian
imaginaries of
society in the
digital age:
Theorizing critical
digital literacy
and civic
engagement
(2021)
Polizzi, G
(2023)
Civic
Engagement
& Critical
Digital
Literacy
Online
Qualitative
110
Public knowledge
of alternative
media in times of
algorithmically
personalized
news (2021)
Klawier,
Tilman; Klawier
T (2023).;
Prochazka,
Fabianb;
Schweiger,
Wolfgang
Algorithmi-
cally
personalized
news channels
(APNC)
Jerman
Quantitative
111
Can middle
schoolers learn to
read the web like
experts?
Possibilities and
limits of a
strategy-based
intervention
Kohnen, Angela
M; A.M (2020).;
Mertens, Gillian
E.; Boehm,
Shelby M
Digital
Literacy
US
Qualitative
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Meyka Septira Utami Pinem
NNo
Journal Title and
Year
Author
Concept
Fundamentals
Research
Location
Research
Methods
(2020)
112
Is that media
literacy?: Israeli
and US media
scholars'
perceptions of the
field (2020)
Turin, Ornata;
Turin O (2020).;
Friesem, Yonty
Literasi Media
US
Quantitative
Discussion
Media literacy is an issue that is widely discussed in research with the main topic of
online media considering that there are quite a lot of problems that are close to internet
users, including hoaxes, clickbait, and interference in online media, are the topics that
attract the attention of scholars. The reason for choosing this period of years during the
period 2020-2023 is because there is a phenomenon that is relevant to the flood of
information, namely the covid pandemic. Based on a total of 12 journals that have been
screened, there are 3 journals whose main topic of discussion is in line with the concept
of media literacy, especially on news portals, namely Exploring adolescents' critical
thinking aptitudes when reading about science in the news (2021), Journalism Students
and Information Consumption in the Era of Fake News (2021), Transforming
Disinformation on Minorities Into a Pedagogical Resource: Towards a Critical
Intercultural News Literacy (2021).
In "Transforming Disinformation on Minorities into a Pedagogical Resource: Towards a
Critical Intercultural News Literacy" media literacy is seen from a cultural approach
where there is a lot of disinformation about immigrants on news websites and news on
social media. The problem is that a lot of disinformation labels itself as "news" which
gives the impression that the message conveyed is a factual reality. This will be fatal if
consumed by students who will use the news as factual data (Tumber & Waisbord, 2021).
In this research, the idea that is considered to be a solution is to bring news that is
considered fake into class discussions. So that there will be a joint analysis, and
educators, teachers - who are considered to be the most trusted figures for students, can
make this a pedagogy to make their students more able to see the potential manipulation
in the delivery of news in online media, especially those that are seditious.
The journal "Exploring adolescents' critical thinking aptitudes when reading about
science in the news" conducted a study of adolescents to test their cognitive ability to
select information in news articles taken from Canadian blogs and traditional media.
This study used quantitative and qualitative approaches through semi-structured
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Systematic Literature Review]
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interviews and found a large gap between participants in terms of critical thinking skills.
In this exploratory study, readers will be invited to see the strengths and weaknesses of
adolescents in media news literacy. The results obtained are that in some cases, they tend
to have arguments that are similar to the arguments of the person who argued before
(Bissonette, 2021) so that there is a confirmation bias which is often said to be selective
laziness of reasoning (Nickerson, 1998; Bissonette, 2021). However, overall, they show
skepticism towards news and tend to criticize the online news provided through several
clarifying questions.
While in the journal "Journalism Students and Information Consumption in the Era of
Fake News", research was conducted through a survey with an exploratory perspective
with research participants being journalism students at the Autonomous University of
Barcelona (UAB). This research focuses on the character of Gen Z in consuming news
where Gen Z is an early generation whose life has naturally been in the period of internet
development. But on the other hand, some studies show that this generation is the most
vulnerable to fake news (Wineburg & McGrew, 2016). But in some sub-groups, this
generation plays an important role and is responsible for the future fate of journalism
and professional communication.
The results obtained are 90% of respondents use social networks to get information and
67% prefer to access online newspapers for information consumption. The preferred
channels are politics, events and sports. Meanwhile, in the context of producing news,
43.4% said they first verified the information obtained, 12.3% immediately trusted their
trusted news portal. 7.5% admitted that they did not have time to check the information
again (Tejedor, Portalés-Oliva, Carniel-Bugs, & Cervi, 2021) When participants were
asked to define "fake news", the responses were false facts, lying, manipulating,
confusing, taking advantage, and misleading. They also believed that digital platforms
surrounded by fake news were most prevalent during the 2020 pandemic. When asked
about whether they have ever been involved in sharing fake news, 56.1% said they have
shared fake news by mistake, while 44.1% said they have never done so. This research
provides an interesting perspective that even fake news is not only a challenge and a
trap for ordinary people, but also a challenge for the future of journalism as well.
Thus, the systematic literature review on media literacy in digital media in the period
2020-2023 answers the research question regarding the influence of the shift from print
media to digital media on users' media literacy in criticizing news. This is shown by the
fact that it is still difficult for people to identify fake news. Moreover, they have not yet
recognized the characteristics of the wrong news message. In the above studies, it was
found that there is still a lack of education about media literacy. One of the things that
can be considered as a solution is to add a media literacy curriculum to the education
sector, which is the initial foundation for educating the younger generation. Therefore,
it is necessary for media literacy skills to continue to be promoted to train critical
thinking.
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If we draw this discussion through the Indonesian context, the impact of the covid-19
pandemic is also quite heavy for the media industry, especially print media, which is
slowly losing profits, for example Suara Pembaruan, which finally closed its print
edition in February 2021 (Steele, 2022) However, this does not have much impact on
print media that have begun to expand their medium to online media and applications,
for example Kompas.id, which has appeared in the form of an application since 2018. So
the strategy to get revenue can be through offering membership and daily newspapers
to followers, while readers who didn’t purchase for membership – namely Freemiums,
only get snippets of news reading and cannot access featured content such as Tutur
Visual, Research and Infographics. Through Reuters Institute research in 2022, it is said
that the main source of urban people is online media which scores 88%. The 5 media
brands that people trust are CNN, Kompas, TVRI, Detik.com, SCTV Liputan 6.
This Reuters research also says that public trust in online media is likely to be low at 39%
in the period 2021 to 2022. This may be in line with the stigma that the speed of online
news publication makes it less trustworthy (Ispriadi et al., 2020). But based on the 2022
Reuters Institute Study of Journalism Indonesia survey, it can also be seen that in the
end the public can choose their own media that is considered correct. In addition, in the
field, news articles tend to be written in pieces and not thoroughly in order to bring in
more reader traffic to stay on the news portal website so that this makes people's
understanding of the news less in-depth. But on the other hand, there is the fact that
online media also has content that is deliberately explored in depth such as for example
Tutur Visual owned by Kompas and detikX owned by detikcom. Where investigations
and chronologies are carried out in detail. Therefore, public sensitivity is needed to be
able to choose which content must be consumed to get complete and reliable
information. Digital literacy is an important element for the community when they start
surfing the online media.
Conclusion
This article describes the impacts of the shift from print to digital media on platform
users' media literacy in interpreting the depth of news. One of them is about exposure
to fake news. Among the 12 selected journals, there are several studies (Tumber &
Waisbord, 2021) that have expressed the importance of media literacy to the future of
society and journalism. Especially regarding online media disruptions such as
manipulation to hoaxes. This is increasingly happening after the pandemic period that
has hit the world, where in 2020 it is the right time for them to seek profit by spreading
false news when people are vulnerable and frightened by the pandemic phenomenon
that has hit, causing a flood of information which can make people careless of fake news
that is packaged like having the impression that the news can be considered true.
While in Indonesia, the survey proved that 88% of urban communities claimed to get the
latest and main information from online media that can be accessed through websites
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Systematic Literature Review]
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and news portal applications on their smartphones. In the Reuters Institute Study of
Journalism Indonesia survey, there is also data that there are some online media that are
less trusted by the public because the news carried out is biased towards certain parties,
both government, business interests, and politics. On the other hand, online media in
Indonesia often divide news into several articles to increase reader traffic on websites
and applications. This has an impact on how deep a person is in interpreting news
critically. Therefore, media literacy is needed by the community to train sensitivity in
choosing which content needs to be consumed in order to get a comprehensive and
credible understanding of an issue.
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